bu konunun varlığından heberdar olun.. zira 3. nesil enerji teknolijisi budur
1.yanıcı maddeler
2.nükleer teknoloji
3.anti madde (atom teknolojisi)
Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Merkezi
(CERN )
Parçacık hızlandırıcının yeraltı tüneliCERN Nükleer Araştırmalar için Avrupa Konseyi anlamına gelen Fransızca Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire sözcüklerinin kısaltmasıdır. Bu kurum, İsviçre ve Fransa sınırında yer alan dünyanın en büyük parçacık fiziği laboratuvarıdır. 1954 yılında 12 ülkenin katılımıyla kurulmuş olan CERN'in günümüzde 20 asil üyesine ilaveten Türkiye'nin de aralarında bulunduğu 8 "gözlemci" üyesi vardır.
CERN'de yüzlerce bina, 3000 kişilik destek personeli ve nöbetleşe kısa süreler için çalışan 2500 kadar fizikçi vardır. Bunlardan 100 kadarı teorik fizikçilerdir. Diğerleri ise, teorisyenlerin fikirlerinin tecrübe edildiği deney düzeneklerinin (mekanizmalarının) projelerini hazırlayan, yapımını sağlayan ve deneyleri yürüten tatbikatçılardır.
CERN'de en önemli yeri, yeraltındaki parçacık hızlandırıcılarının, yani akseleratörlerin olduğu bölgedir. Tarım arazisinin altında kilometrelerce uzanan dev makinalarda atom parçacıkları ya birbirleriyle, yahut atom çekirdeği ile korkunç hızlarda çarpıştırılırlar. 1956'da kurulan 28 GeV'lik eşzamanlı proton hızlandırıcısından sonra 1976'da da 450 GeV'lik bir başka hızlandırıcı daha kulanıma girdi. 1981'de geliştirilerek çarpışma halkası olarak kullanılabilecek duruma getirilen bu cihazdan bugün, dönüşümlü olarak parçacık hızlandırıcısı ve çarpıştırıcı olarak faydalanılmaktadır. Çarpışmalar ile bazı kısa ömürlü garip madde biçimleri bu arada parçacık fizikçilerinin ilgilendiği W ve Z parçacıkları ortaya çıkarılmıştır. CERN, Avrupa'nın fizik alanında Amerika ve Rusya ile yarışa girmesini sağlamıştır.
Web kavramı, CERN'de bir bilgisayar programcısı olan Tim Berners-Lee'nin HTML adlı bilgisayar dilini bulup geliştirmesiyle oluşmuştur.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ve bundan sonrasi ingilizce bilenler içi zaten derinliğine inerseniz riskleri bana çok korkutucu geliyor...
Large Hadron Collider
The accelerator chain
of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator and collider located at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland (46°14′00″N, 6°03′00″E). Currently under construction, the LHC is scheduled to begin operation (at reduced energies) in November 2007. The LHC is expected to become the world's largest and highest energy particle accelerator in 2008, when commissioning at 7 TeV is completed. The LHC is being funded and built in collaboration with over two thousand physicists from 34 countries, universities and laboratories.
The collider is contained in a 27 km circumference tunnel located underground at a depth ranging from 50 to 150 metres [1]. The tunnel was formerly used to house the LEP, an electron-positron collider. The 3 metre diameter, concrete-lined tunnel actually crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four points, although the majority of its length is inside France. The collider itself is located underground, with many surface buildings holding ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants.
The collider tunnel contains two pipes enclosed within superconducting magnets cooled by liquid helium, each pipe containing a proton beam. The two beams travel in opposite directions around the ring. Additional magnets are used to direct the beams to four intersection points where interactions between them will take place.
The protons will each have an energy of 7 TeV, giving a total collision energy of 14 TeV. It will take around 90 microseconds for an individual proton to travel once around the collider. Rather than continuous beams, the protons will be "bunched" together into approximately 2,800 bunches, so that interactions between the two beams will take place at discrete intervals never shorter than 25 nanoseconds apart. When the collider is first commissioned, it will be operated with fewer bunches, to give a bunch crossing interval of 75 nanoseconds. The number of bunches will later be increased give the final bunch crossing interval of 25 nanoseconds.
Prior to being injected into the main accelerator, the particles are prepared through a series of systems that successively increase the particle energy levels. The Proton Synchrotron (PS) consists of two linear accelerators generating 50 MeV; the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) produces 1.4 GeV; and the Proton Synchrotron Ring (PSR) 26 GeV. The Low-Energy Injector Ring (LEIR) will be used as an ion storage and cooler unit. The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) will produce a beam of anti-protons at 2 GeV, after cooling them down from 3.57 GeV. Finally the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) can be used to increase the energy of protons up to 450 GeV.
Six detectors are being constructed at the LHC. They are located underground, in large caverns excavated at the LHC's intersection points. Two of them, ATLAS and CMS are large, "general purpose" particle detectors. The other four (LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM, and LHCf) are smaller and more specialized.
The LHC can also be used to collide heavy ions such as lead (Pb) with a collision energy of 1,150 TeV.
The size of the LHC constitutes an exceptional engineering challenge with unique safety issues. While running, the total energy stored in the magnets is 10 GJ, and in the beam, 725 MJ. Loss of only 10−7 of the beam is sufficient to quench a superconducting magnet, while the beam dump must discharge an energy equivalent to a considerable quantity of explosives.
Cost
The construction of LHC was originally approved in 1995 with a budget of 2.6 billion Swiss francs, with another 210 million Swiss francs towards the cost of the experiments. However, cost overruns, estimated in a major review in 2001 at around 480 million Swiss francs in the accelerator, and 50 million Swiss francs for the experiments, along with a reduction in CERN's budget pushed the completion date out from 2005 to April 2007.[5] 180 million Swiss francs of the cost increase has been the superconducting magnets. There were also engineering difficulties encountered while building the underground cavern for the Compact Muon Solenoid.[6] The estimated final price tag is expected to be about US$ 8 billion
ve beni okuduğum kitaplara stephan hawking e,einstein a dayanarak tedirgin eden kısım
Safety concerns
As with the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), people both inside and outside of the physics community have voiced concern that the LHC might trigger one of several theoretical disasters capable of destroying the Earth or even the entire Universe. These include:
Creation of a stable black hole[7]
Creation of strange matter that is more stable than ordinary matter
Creation of magnetic monopoles that could catalyze proton decay
Triggering a transition into a different quantum mechanical vacuum (see False vacuum)
CERN performed a study to investigate whether such dangerous events as micro black holes, strangelets, or magnetic monopoles could occur.[8] The report concluded, "We find no basis for any conceivable threat." For instance, it is not possible to produce microscopic black holes unless certain untested theories are correct. Even if they are produced, they are expected to evaporate almost immediately via Hawking radiation and thus to be harmless. Perhaps the strongest argument for the safety of colliders such as the LHC comes from the simple fact that cosmic rays of much higher energies than the LHC can produce have been bombarding the Earth, Moon and other objects in the solar system for billions of years with no such effects.
However, some people remain concerned about the safety of the LHC. As with any new and untested experiment, it is not possible to say with utter certainty what will happen. John Nelson at Birmingham University stated of RHIC that "it is astonishingly unlikely that there is any risk - but I could not prove it."[9] In academia there is some question of whether Hawking radiation is correct.[10]
RHIC has been running since 2000 and has generated no hint of Earth-destroying effects
1.yanıcı maddeler
2.nükleer teknoloji
3.anti madde (atom teknolojisi)
Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Merkezi
(CERN )
Parçacık hızlandırıcının yeraltı tüneliCERN Nükleer Araştırmalar için Avrupa Konseyi anlamına gelen Fransızca Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire sözcüklerinin kısaltmasıdır. Bu kurum, İsviçre ve Fransa sınırında yer alan dünyanın en büyük parçacık fiziği laboratuvarıdır. 1954 yılında 12 ülkenin katılımıyla kurulmuş olan CERN'in günümüzde 20 asil üyesine ilaveten Türkiye'nin de aralarında bulunduğu 8 "gözlemci" üyesi vardır.
CERN'de yüzlerce bina, 3000 kişilik destek personeli ve nöbetleşe kısa süreler için çalışan 2500 kadar fizikçi vardır. Bunlardan 100 kadarı teorik fizikçilerdir. Diğerleri ise, teorisyenlerin fikirlerinin tecrübe edildiği deney düzeneklerinin (mekanizmalarının) projelerini hazırlayan, yapımını sağlayan ve deneyleri yürüten tatbikatçılardır.
CERN'de en önemli yeri, yeraltındaki parçacık hızlandırıcılarının, yani akseleratörlerin olduğu bölgedir. Tarım arazisinin altında kilometrelerce uzanan dev makinalarda atom parçacıkları ya birbirleriyle, yahut atom çekirdeği ile korkunç hızlarda çarpıştırılırlar. 1956'da kurulan 28 GeV'lik eşzamanlı proton hızlandırıcısından sonra 1976'da da 450 GeV'lik bir başka hızlandırıcı daha kulanıma girdi. 1981'de geliştirilerek çarpışma halkası olarak kullanılabilecek duruma getirilen bu cihazdan bugün, dönüşümlü olarak parçacık hızlandırıcısı ve çarpıştırıcı olarak faydalanılmaktadır. Çarpışmalar ile bazı kısa ömürlü garip madde biçimleri bu arada parçacık fizikçilerinin ilgilendiği W ve Z parçacıkları ortaya çıkarılmıştır. CERN, Avrupa'nın fizik alanında Amerika ve Rusya ile yarışa girmesini sağlamıştır.
Web kavramı, CERN'de bir bilgisayar programcısı olan Tim Berners-Lee'nin HTML adlı bilgisayar dilini bulup geliştirmesiyle oluşmuştur.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ve bundan sonrasi ingilizce bilenler içi zaten derinliğine inerseniz riskleri bana çok korkutucu geliyor...
Large Hadron Collider
The accelerator chain
of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator and collider located at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland (46°14′00″N, 6°03′00″E). Currently under construction, the LHC is scheduled to begin operation (at reduced energies) in November 2007. The LHC is expected to become the world's largest and highest energy particle accelerator in 2008, when commissioning at 7 TeV is completed. The LHC is being funded and built in collaboration with over two thousand physicists from 34 countries, universities and laboratories.
The collider is contained in a 27 km circumference tunnel located underground at a depth ranging from 50 to 150 metres [1]. The tunnel was formerly used to house the LEP, an electron-positron collider. The 3 metre diameter, concrete-lined tunnel actually crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four points, although the majority of its length is inside France. The collider itself is located underground, with many surface buildings holding ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants.
The collider tunnel contains two pipes enclosed within superconducting magnets cooled by liquid helium, each pipe containing a proton beam. The two beams travel in opposite directions around the ring. Additional magnets are used to direct the beams to four intersection points where interactions between them will take place.
The protons will each have an energy of 7 TeV, giving a total collision energy of 14 TeV. It will take around 90 microseconds for an individual proton to travel once around the collider. Rather than continuous beams, the protons will be "bunched" together into approximately 2,800 bunches, so that interactions between the two beams will take place at discrete intervals never shorter than 25 nanoseconds apart. When the collider is first commissioned, it will be operated with fewer bunches, to give a bunch crossing interval of 75 nanoseconds. The number of bunches will later be increased give the final bunch crossing interval of 25 nanoseconds.
Prior to being injected into the main accelerator, the particles are prepared through a series of systems that successively increase the particle energy levels. The Proton Synchrotron (PS) consists of two linear accelerators generating 50 MeV; the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) produces 1.4 GeV; and the Proton Synchrotron Ring (PSR) 26 GeV. The Low-Energy Injector Ring (LEIR) will be used as an ion storage and cooler unit. The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) will produce a beam of anti-protons at 2 GeV, after cooling them down from 3.57 GeV. Finally the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) can be used to increase the energy of protons up to 450 GeV.
Six detectors are being constructed at the LHC. They are located underground, in large caverns excavated at the LHC's intersection points. Two of them, ATLAS and CMS are large, "general purpose" particle detectors. The other four (LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM, and LHCf) are smaller and more specialized.
The LHC can also be used to collide heavy ions such as lead (Pb) with a collision energy of 1,150 TeV.
The size of the LHC constitutes an exceptional engineering challenge with unique safety issues. While running, the total energy stored in the magnets is 10 GJ, and in the beam, 725 MJ. Loss of only 10−7 of the beam is sufficient to quench a superconducting magnet, while the beam dump must discharge an energy equivalent to a considerable quantity of explosives.
Cost
The construction of LHC was originally approved in 1995 with a budget of 2.6 billion Swiss francs, with another 210 million Swiss francs towards the cost of the experiments. However, cost overruns, estimated in a major review in 2001 at around 480 million Swiss francs in the accelerator, and 50 million Swiss francs for the experiments, along with a reduction in CERN's budget pushed the completion date out from 2005 to April 2007.[5] 180 million Swiss francs of the cost increase has been the superconducting magnets. There were also engineering difficulties encountered while building the underground cavern for the Compact Muon Solenoid.[6] The estimated final price tag is expected to be about US$ 8 billion
ve beni okuduğum kitaplara stephan hawking e,einstein a dayanarak tedirgin eden kısım
Safety concerns
As with the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), people both inside and outside of the physics community have voiced concern that the LHC might trigger one of several theoretical disasters capable of destroying the Earth or even the entire Universe. These include:
Creation of a stable black hole[7]
Creation of strange matter that is more stable than ordinary matter
Creation of magnetic monopoles that could catalyze proton decay
Triggering a transition into a different quantum mechanical vacuum (see False vacuum)
CERN performed a study to investigate whether such dangerous events as micro black holes, strangelets, or magnetic monopoles could occur.[8] The report concluded, "We find no basis for any conceivable threat." For instance, it is not possible to produce microscopic black holes unless certain untested theories are correct. Even if they are produced, they are expected to evaporate almost immediately via Hawking radiation and thus to be harmless. Perhaps the strongest argument for the safety of colliders such as the LHC comes from the simple fact that cosmic rays of much higher energies than the LHC can produce have been bombarding the Earth, Moon and other objects in the solar system for billions of years with no such effects.
However, some people remain concerned about the safety of the LHC. As with any new and untested experiment, it is not possible to say with utter certainty what will happen. John Nelson at Birmingham University stated of RHIC that "it is astonishingly unlikely that there is any risk - but I could not prove it."[9] In academia there is some question of whether Hawking radiation is correct.[10]
RHIC has been running since 2000 and has generated no hint of Earth-destroying effects
Anladığım kadarıyla tamamen kağıt üstünde yaratılmış bi model bu Sicim dedikleri. Gözlemlenmesi mümkün olmayan varsayımsal bi model. Canı sıkılan bilim adamlarının marifeti gibi sanki 